Will the NLD's election manifesto be the norm in Union Peace Convention?
President Thein Sein regime is hurriedly implementing the peace process
procedure before the end of it's legislative period on 31 March 2016.
According to presidential office declaration of 18 December, Union Peace
Convention will begin on 12 January 2016.
The declaration said that the convention will start in order to achieve
national reconciliation, to end armed conflict and to resolve political
problems peacefully.
On 15 October 2015, the nationwide ceasefire agreement (NCA) was signed
between the government and the 8 ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and on 15
December 2015, framework for political dialogue was finished according to the
promises of NCA, to begin with the political dialogue.
The participation of the political dialogue will include 150 from the
government and parliament, 150 from the Burma army or Tatmadaw, 150 from EAOs,
150 from political parties, 50 from ethnic nationalities leaders and 50 invitees from academic circle, including
appropriate individuals.
While Thein Sein claimed that it is actually acting according to the
timeline prescribed by the NCA and wanted to leave a peace process that has
already started as legacy for the next incoming regime, many were not convinced
and presumed it is more to do with influencing the peace process beyond his legislative period.
Opinion on Union Peace Convention
Political consultation at different levels, other than the Union Peace
Convention, would be known as political dialogue, according to the NCA and
framework for political dialogue.
At long last, the UN decades-long endorsement of tripartite dialogue,
between the Government of Myanmar, which includes the military (Tatmadaw), the
ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) and the political parties, was conveniently
disregarded and a seven party dialogue forum is being adopted by the Union
Political Dialogue Joint Committee (UPDJC).
Thanks to the National League for Democracy (NLD) representative U Nyan Win's
solicitation that was enthusiastically participating at the meeting on 15
December 2015.
The framework, which is intended to
contribute to the development of a federal union, was designed over the last
eight months during a series of meetings in Naypyitaw, the country’s capital,
according to the Pyidaungsu Institute. The draft was written by the UPDJC,
which is made up of 8 ethnic signatories to Burma’s NCA, the military and government
representatives.
Shan Nationalities League for
Democracy (SNLD) Chairperson Khun Htun Oo criticized Burma’s draft Framework
for Political Dialogue (FPD)on 16 December for lack of inclusiveness, as ethnic
representatives from non-state armed groups were absent in the decision-making
body of UPDJC.
“This way, it will be like the Two
Trees Convention that was held by the military in the past,” the 72-year-old
former political prisoner said, referring to Burma’s National Convention, a
process initiated in 1993 to write a new national constitution and which ended
with the much-criticized 2008 Constitution.
“It is more like a conference during
the military government’s time,” he said of the current political dialogue
draft.
Echoing Khun Htun Oo, Nai Han Tha
vice chairman of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC), the nine
ethnic armed resistance organizations (EAROs) which it prefers to be called,
said: “This government has only a short span of time left and the dialogue
won't be finished. Dialogue needs quite a lot of time and participation of the
organizations are also not all-inclusive. It looks like, in order to gain
privilege, the government is pushing to do things within the short time
available. The 8 EAOs is also following (the government's lead) without having
any benefit.”
Ironically, Chairman Khun Myint Htun
of Pa-O National Liberation Organization (PNLO), who is with the 8 EAOs that
signed the government initiated NCA, said: “Only when brothers that still have
not sign (the NCA) could be included, it will be more meaningful. Real
political problems would be able to be resolved through wide comprehensive
negotiations. It won't be easy to be successful, without the participation of
the non-signatory organizations.”
Problem areas in implementation
According to SHAN report of 17
December 2015, political observers are of the opinion that the recent political
framework, which the military has 150 representatives that could cast their
votes as a bloc together, with some
votes from the parliament, government sector, USDP's MPs and military
affiliated political parties would be at an advantage position.
Apart from privileged position of
the military, the participation quota is relatively in order, with the
exception of 150 for EAOs, 50 each for ethnic leaders and so-called suitable,
appropriate invitees.
It is not clear if the 8 EAOs will
occupy all the 150 seats or at least leave them vacant for the non-signatories
for eventual inclusion at a later date, when problems could be resolved to sign
and enter the NCA, with the new NLD government.
Also regarding the 50 ethnic
leaders, it is not at all transparent if it means to include the non-signatory
EAOs or just community leaders that have nothing to do with the resistance
armies, government militias, political parties and government apparatus.
Again for the 50 suitable,
appropriate invitees it is not clear,
who would be eligible, as there is no known criteria for the moment to
determine or how to choose the candidates, according to Khuensai Jaiyane,
director of the Pyidaungsu Institute.
Perhaps the most difficult hindrance
to the process could be the FPD's Chapter 6, Sections 6.2, which writes: “Out
of the issues that have been tabled at the Union Peace Convention,
federalism-based union issues, country's security issues and security sector
reform issues, including other important issues, decisions could be made with
more than 75 percent affirmative votes within each individual group and more
than 75 percent of all convention participants.” (Unofficial translation by the
writer from “The Framework for Political Dialogue”)
This is exactly the same as when the
NLD and like-minded MPs tried to push through the constitutional amendment
within the parliament a few months back, which was shattered, due to the prescription that constitution amendment needs
the approval of more than 75 percent or three-fourths of all members of
parliament (MPs).
However, it is not clear if the
phrase “within each individual group” applies to UPDJC that has three
components – 8 EAOs, regime and the political parties, each with 16
representatives, 48 altogether -, or each group of seven party setup – the
government, parliament, military, EAOs, ethnic leaders and appropriate invitees
– that are in the process of assembling together in January 2016.
Back to the root of the problem
President Thein Sein's excuse that the NCA is more of a political
assurance than all-inclusiveness is in fact an acknowledgement that the real
intended goal of being nationwide has actually been shattered.
As mentioned time and again, the heart of the problem is constitutional
crisis that has been plaguing the country since 1962 military coup. The two
constitutions – 1974 Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) constitution and
2008 Military-drafted constitution -
that followed were also one party unitary and presidential unitary
system respectively, which failed to address the ethnic nationalities political
aspirations.
Nyaungnabin national convention that took some 14 years produced the
2008 constitution. It is popularly known as Nargis constitution, as the
constitutional referendum was conducted shortly after the devastated Cyclone
Nargis that killed thousands. The eventual conducted referendum was manipulated
by the military clique designed to serve the military class. As such, it is
often argued that rewriting anew would better serve the people than amending
it, which would take years if Nyaungnabin convention would be taken as an
example.
Apart from that the military's claim of its constitutional endorsement
by the people with over 90 percent votes is almost impossible in the aftermath
of Nargis catastrophe. And the real point that the military-drafted
constitution neither was the real endorsement of the people nor serve the
people is now brushed aside, so as not to anger the military clique and find
satisfaction in the improved political space and cooperation in the present
political arena.
NLD's law expert U Ko Ni, Khun Htun Oo, Min Ko Niang and many others
have said that amending the constitution is a waste of time and for it serves
only one purpose and that is to delay the change of system from presidential
unitary setup to genuine federalism.
But if the only way to national reconciliation is through the amendment
of the military-drafted constitution, all will be in for a long process that
could take years to complete for this would mean a constant test of strength of
different groups on political aspirations in actual realpolitik configuration.
The four major groups - Tatmadaw, NLD, EAOs, political parties - will however try to
determine the system of governance in a variety of cooperation setting.
Whether the two Bamar groups of NLD and Tatmadaw coalition, together
with the 8 EAOs would push through the present presidential unitary political
system with minimal to maximum devolution, short of genuine federalism or the
NLD, in collaboration with the non-signatories EAOs and like-minded political
parties, is going to strive for a genuine federal union is now still an open
question, which would be answered in the course of time.
This is not to say that it is the only possible cooperation trend. Of
course, the coalition-bulding within the Union Peace Convention could still be
configured in variety of ways, other
than the one mentioned above.
Nevertheless, it is important at this point that the NLD and Aung San Suu
Kyi uphold their 2015 Election
Manifesto, which was spelled out regarding ethnic affairs and internal
peace as follows:
The following actions will be taken for ethnic affairs and internal
peace:
1. Work towards a peaceful, prosperous and durable Union, through
solidarity with all ethnic
groups.
2. Hold political dialogue based on the Panglong spirit in order to
address the roots of internal armed conflict and enable people to live in
security and tranquillity.
3. Strive for the establishment of a genuine federal democratic union
based on the principles of
freedom, equal rights and self-determination.
4. Lay down transparent projects for the balanced development of all the
States and Regions.
5. Work to ensure a fair distribution across the country of the profits
from natural resource
extraction, in accordance with the principles of a federal union.
6. Resolve problems between ethnic groups through dialogue based on
mutual respect.
Finally, Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD should not allow themselves to be
boxed into the Thein Sein regime's peace process structure without resistance
or critical questions, but stick to the previously declared position of making
use of the NCA and FPD good points and change those that are not suitable for
all-inclusiveness and fair distribution of participation quota in the Union
Peace Convention, following the political power transfer at the end of March
2016.
The Contributor is ex-General Secretary of the dormant Shan Democratic Union (SUD) – Editor
Tags: Opinion